{
 "metadata": {
  "title": "Eras and alternative periodizations",
  "version": "0.1.0"
 },
 "eras": [
  {
   "id": "deep-custodianship",
   "name": "Deep Custodianship",
   "startYear": -65000,
   "endYear": -700,
   "color": "#232f3c",
   "description": "Fire management, sacred groves, rahui and harvest prohibition. Long before anything called conservation, prohibition and reciprocity did the work — and much of it is still practised."
  },
  {
   "id": "ancient-observation",
   "name": "Ancient Observation",
   "startYear": -700,
   "endYear": 500,
   "color": "#2b3a4a",
   "description": "Degradation is noticed and recorded — deforested hills, exhausted soils, poisoned air — and explained as decline, fate, or bad husbandry."
  },
  {
   "id": "custodial-law",
   "name": "Custodial Law",
   "startYear": 500,
   "endYear": 1500,
   "color": "#2f4256",
   "description": "Protection becomes administrative: reserves, forest law, sacred groves and grazing commons, defended for use rather than for themselves."
  },
  {
   "id": "colonial-ecology",
   "name": "Colonial Ecology",
   "startYear": 1500,
   "endYear": 1800,
   "color": "#31506a",
   "description": "Empire moves species and people across oceans, and on small islands the first scientific theories of human-caused climate change produce the first environmental legislation."
  },
  {
   "id": "industrial-reckoning",
   "name": "Industrial Reckoning",
   "startYear": 1800,
   "endYear": 1900,
   "color": "#2f6079",
   "description": "Fossil energy remakes the world, the greenhouse effect is discovered, and Marsh assembles the first global account of human impact."
  },
  {
   "id": "conservation",
   "name": "Conservation",
   "startYear": 1900,
   "endYear": 1945,
   "color": "#2a7186",
   "description": "Parks, species law and soil science; the biosphere is named as a geological force while the losses mount."
  },
  {
   "id": "planetary-turn",
   "name": "The Planetary Turn",
   "startYear": 1945,
   "endYear": 1972,
   "color": "#28869a",
   "description": "Nuclear weapons, the Keeling curve and the photograph of the whole Earth. The planet becomes a single object of study and of fear."
  },
  {
   "id": "institutional-era",
   "name": "The Institutional Era",
   "startYear": 1972,
   "endYear": 1992,
   "color": "#2f9aa0",
   "description": "Stockholm, UNEP, the IPCC. Environmental concern acquires permanent international machinery — and the ozone treaty proves it can work."
  },
  {
   "id": "sustainable-development",
   "name": "Sustainable Development",
   "startYear": 1992,
   "endYear": 2009,
   "color": "#48a894",
   "description": "Rio, the conventions, Kyoto and the Brundtland formula. Growth and limits are declared compatible, and emissions rise throughout."
  },
  {
   "id": "boundaries",
   "name": "Boundaries & the Anthropocene",
   "startYear": 2009,
   "endYear": 2020,
   "color": "#6fb37c",
   "description": "The Earth system is given quantified limits and a new epoch a name, while the targets set in this period are missed in the next."
  },
  {
   "id": "polycrisis",
   "name": "Polycrisis",
   "startYear": 2020,
   "endYear": 2027,
   "color": "#9bbb63",
   "description": "Six boundaries crossed, the first year above 1.5 degrees, and a movement beginning to audit its own hope."
  }
 ],
 "typologies": [
  {
   "id": "awareness",
   "name": "Waves of awareness",
   "description": "The default reading: how the realisation itself developed.",
   "eras": [
    {
     "id": "deep-custodianship",
     "name": "Deep Custodianship",
     "startYear": -65000,
     "endYear": -700,
     "description": "Fire management, sacred groves, rahui and harvest prohibition. Long before anything called conservation, prohibition and reciprocity did the work — and much of it is still practised."
    },
    {
     "id": "ancient-observation",
     "name": "Ancient Observation",
     "startYear": -700,
     "endYear": 500,
     "description": "Degradation is noticed and recorded — deforested hills, exhausted soils, poisoned air — and explained as decline, fate, or bad husbandry."
    },
    {
     "id": "custodial-law",
     "name": "Custodial Law",
     "startYear": 500,
     "endYear": 1500,
     "description": "Protection becomes administrative: reserves, forest law, sacred groves and grazing commons, defended for use rather than for themselves."
    },
    {
     "id": "colonial-ecology",
     "name": "Colonial Ecology",
     "startYear": 1500,
     "endYear": 1800,
     "description": "Empire moves species and people across oceans, and on small islands the first scientific theories of human-caused climate change produce the first environmental legislation."
    },
    {
     "id": "industrial-reckoning",
     "name": "Industrial Reckoning",
     "startYear": 1800,
     "endYear": 1900,
     "description": "Fossil energy remakes the world, the greenhouse effect is discovered, and Marsh assembles the first global account of human impact."
    },
    {
     "id": "conservation",
     "name": "Conservation",
     "startYear": 1900,
     "endYear": 1945,
     "description": "Parks, species law and soil science; the biosphere is named as a geological force while the losses mount."
    },
    {
     "id": "planetary-turn",
     "name": "The Planetary Turn",
     "startYear": 1945,
     "endYear": 1972,
     "description": "Nuclear weapons, the Keeling curve and the photograph of the whole Earth. The planet becomes a single object of study and of fear."
    },
    {
     "id": "institutional-era",
     "name": "The Institutional Era",
     "startYear": 1972,
     "endYear": 1992,
     "description": "Stockholm, UNEP, the IPCC. Environmental concern acquires permanent international machinery — and the ozone treaty proves it can work."
    },
    {
     "id": "sustainable-development",
     "name": "Sustainable Development",
     "startYear": 1992,
     "endYear": 2009,
     "description": "Rio, the conventions, Kyoto and the Brundtland formula. Growth and limits are declared compatible, and emissions rise throughout."
    },
    {
     "id": "boundaries",
     "name": "Boundaries & the Anthropocene",
     "startYear": 2009,
     "endYear": 2020,
     "description": "The Earth system is given quantified limits and a new epoch a name, while the targets set in this period are missed in the next."
    },
    {
     "id": "polycrisis",
     "name": "Polycrisis",
     "startYear": 2020,
     "endYear": 2027,
     "description": "Six boundaries crossed, the first year above 1.5 degrees, and a movement beginning to audit its own hope."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "energy",
   "name": "Energy regimes",
   "description": "What the economy ran on. Nearly every shift in environmental thought follows a shift in the energy base.",
   "eras": [
    {
     "id": "en-fire",
     "name": "Fire",
     "startYear": -65000,
     "endYear": -3000,
     "description": "The first planetary-scale human technology. Burning reshaped vegetation across continents long before agriculture."
    },
    {
     "id": "en-biomass",
     "name": "Biomass & muscle",
     "startYear": -3000,
     "endYear": 1760,
     "description": "Wood, charcoal, wind, water, human and animal labour. Limits are local and immediate: a hillside can be stripped within a lifetime."
    },
    {
     "id": "en-coal",
     "name": "Coal",
     "startYear": 1760,
     "endYear": 1900,
     "description": "Steam and iron. Smoke becomes the signature of prosperity, and Jevons notices that efficiency raises consumption."
    },
    {
     "id": "en-oil",
     "name": "Oil & electricity",
     "startYear": 1900,
     "endYear": 1945,
     "description": "Liquid fuel, the grid, and synthetic chemistry. Distance and season begin to lose their hold."
    },
    {
     "id": "en-accel",
     "name": "The Great Acceleration",
     "startYear": 1945,
     "endYear": 2000,
     "description": "Cheap oil, nitrogen fertiliser and mass consumption. Nearly every Earth system indicator bends upward at once."
    },
    {
     "id": "en-transition",
     "name": "Contested transition",
     "startYear": 2000,
     "endYear": 2027,
     "description": "Renewables scale exponentially while fossil consumption keeps rising. Addition, so far, rather than substitution."
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "epochs",
   "name": "Earth system epochs",
   "description": "Formal and proposed geological framings of the present.",
   "eras": [
    {
     "id": "ep-pleistocene",
     "name": "Late Pleistocene",
     "startYear": -65000,
     "endYear": -9700,
     "description": "The last glacial period. Human dispersal, megafauna extinctions, and the first landscape burning."
    },
    {
     "id": "ep-holocene",
     "name": "Holocene",
     "startYear": -9700,
     "endYear": 1610,
     "description": "The stable warm interval in which all agriculture and all civilisations arose."
    },
    {
     "id": "ep-orbis",
     "name": "Orbis proposal",
     "startYear": 1610,
     "endYear": 1800,
     "description": "Lewis and Maslin's proposed marker: the 1610 carbon dioxide dip following the deaths of some fifty million people in the Americas and the regrowth of forest."
    },
    {
     "id": "ep-industrial",
     "name": "Industrial proposal",
     "startYear": 1800,
     "endYear": 1950,
     "description": "Crutzen's original suggestion, tied to the steam engine and the first rise in atmospheric carbon."
    },
    {
     "id": "ep-anthropocene",
     "name": "Great Acceleration proposal",
     "startYear": 1950,
     "endYear": 2027,
     "description": "The Anthropocene Working Group's preferred base: plutonium fallout from nuclear testing as a globally synchronous marker. The IUGS rejected formal ratification in 2024."
    }
   ]
  }
 ]
}